botanical terminology

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Randomly Selected Botanical Terms: Phyllaries

Flowers in the aster family have one of the most recognizable shapes in botany – a circle with a series of petals surrounding it. If you were asked to draw a flower, there is a good chance your drawing would look something like a sunflower, a daisy, a cosmos, or an aster. It’s one of the most basic flower shapes, and yet it isn’t a single flower; it’s a pseudanthium – a false flower. This is because what might appear as a single flower is actually a collection of tens, hundreds, or even thousands of tiny flowers. This aggregation of flowers into a single compact unit is the reason the family was once given the name Compositae, and even now is often informally referred to as the composites.

Another reason why a flower in the aster family – or Asteraceae – might be the first thing you would draw is because it is the largest family of flowering plants, numbering up to 33,000 species worldwide. Chances are you’ve seen a few of them around. In the contiguous U.S. alone, there are more than 2400 species, and that doesn’t include the plethora of species brought in from regions across the world either intentionally (to be grown in our gardens) or unintentionally (as weeds). Of course, not all of the species in this family are going to have a typical sunflower-like flower head, but they do all have a specific type of inflorescence called a capitulum. Capitula are made up of densely packed, miniature flowers called florets, which are stalkless (or sessile) and arranged on a flattened central stem (or axis). There are at least four different types of florets in the aster family, but we’ll leave that discussion for another time.

In this post, we’re specifically interested in what is happening at the base or underside of the capitulum. All of the florets in a capitulum are held within a cup or bowl-shaped series of bracts called an involucre. Bracts are modified leaves, and this whorl of tightly held or loosely arranged bracts are initially found surrounding a developing flower bud. As the inflorescence opens, the involucre opens as well and its bracts persist at the base of the flower head. The bracts that make up the involucre are called phyllaries, and they vary in shape, number, and size depending on plant species. In fact, the features of phyllaries are so unique they are often relied on to help identify a plant in the aster family to genus, species, and infraspecies (variety, subspecies, etc.).

phyllaries of blanketflower (Gaillardia aristata)

When it comes to flowers in the aster family, there is more than meets the eye. After you take some time to appreciate the intricate beauty of its collection of florets, turn the flower head over and take in its phyllaries. They come in various colors, they can be hairy or smooth, their margins can be entire or adorned with hairs, teeth, etc., they can be flat and straight or they can curve outwards in interesting ways, their tips can be pointed, spine-tipped, rounded, or keel shaped. Phyllaries can be laid out very evenly, tightly overlapping each other like shingles on a roof (i.e. imbricate) or their arrangement can be slightly uneven and irregular (i.e. subimbricate). Use a hand lens to get a closer look at all of these features. As you get in the habit of observing the details of the involucre and its phyllaries, chances are each time you come across a flower in the aster family, you’ll find yourself flipping it over to get a look at its undercarriage. What will you find?

phyllaries of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
phyllaries of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia rotundifolia)
phyllaries of stemless four-nerve daisy (Tetraneuris acaulis)
phyllaries of hoary tansyaster (Dieteria canescens)
phyllaries of aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium ‘October Skies’)
phyllaries of curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa)

If phyllaries have piqued your interest and you’d like to learn more about plants in the family Asteraceae, I highly recommend getting your hands on the book, The Sunflower Family by Richard Spellenberg and Naida Zucker. It has a North American focus, but it’s a great place to start learning more about this massive plant family.

More Randomly Selected Botanical Terms:

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Randomly Selected Botanical Terms: Glochids

The spines of a cactus are an obvious threat. They are generally sharp, smooth, and stiff; as soon as you are stabbed by one, it is immediately clear that you’ve gotten too close. Sitting at the base of the spines – or in place of spines – on many species of cacti is a less obvious, but significantly more heinous threat. Unless you’re looking closely, this hazard is practically invisible, and the pain and irritation that can come as a result of close contact has the potential to last significantly longer than the sharp poke of a spine. This nefarious plant part is called a glochid, and if you’ve ever made contact with one (or more likely several dozen of them), it’s not something you will soon forget.

Opuntia polyacantha x utahensis

The spine of a cactus is actually a leaf. The area from which a spine emerges from the fleshy, photosynthetic stem of a cactus is called an areole, which is equivalent to a node or bud on a more typical stem or branch from which leaves emerge. In place of typical looking leaves, a cactus produces spines and glochids. Like spines, glochids are also modified leaves, although they appear more like soft, little tufts of hair. However, this unassuming little tuft is not to be trifled with.

Close inspection of a glochid (with the help of a microscope) reveals why you don’t want them anywhere near your skin. While the surface of a cactus spine is often smooth and free of barbs, glochids are covered in backwards-facing barbs. The miniscule size of glochids combined with their pliable nature and retrose barbs, make it easy for them to work their way into your skin and stay there. Unlike spines, glochids easily detach from a cactus stem. Barely brushing up against a glochid-bearing cactus can result in getting stuck with several of them.

Opuntia basilaris var. heilii

Because glochids can be so fine and difficult to see, you may not even be aware they are there. You probably won’t even feel them at first. Removing them is a challenge thanks to their barbs, and since you may not be able to remove them all, the glochids that remain in your skin can continue to cause irritation for days, weeks, or even months after contact. For this reason, cactuses are generally best seen and not touched, or at the very least, handled with extreme care.

Apart from being a good form of defense, the glochids of some cactus species can serve an additional function. Most cactus species occur in arid or semi-arid climates, where access to water can be quite limited. In order to increase their chances of getting the water they need, some desert plants are able to collect water from the air. A few species of cactus do this, and glochids are a critical component in making this happen.

Cylindropuntia whipplei

A study published in the Journal of King Saud University – Science (2020) examined the dew harvesting ability of Opuntia stricta, commonly known as erect prickly pear. As described above, the spines of O. stricta are smooth, while the glochids are covered in retrose barbs. Both structures are waterproof due to hardened cell walls and cuticles. However, due in part to the conical shapes of both the glochids and their barbs, water droplets from the air are able to collect on the tips of the glochids. From there, the researchers observed the droplets in their travel towards the base of the glochids. As they moved downward, small droplets combined to form larger droplets.

At the base of the glochids are a series of trichomes, which are small hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis. The trichomes do not repel water, but rather are able to absorb the droplets as they reach the base of the glochids. For a plant species that receives very little water from the soil, being able to harvest dew from the air is critical for its survival, and this is thanks in part to those otherwise obnoxious glochids.

See Also: Prickles

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Randomly Selected Botanical Terms: Prickles

Let’s start by getting something out of the way: roses have prickles, not thorns. However, just like peanuts aren’t actually nuts and tomatoes are actually fruits, our colloquial terms for things don’t always match up with botanical terminology. This doesn’t mean that we should be pedants about things and go spoiling a friendly dinner party with our “well, actually…” corrections. If you hear someone saying (or singing) something about every rose having its thorn, it’s okay to just let it go.

So why don’t roses have thorns? And what even is a prickle anyway?

Plants have a way of modifying various body parts to form a variety of features that look like something totally new and different. When the development of these features are observed at a cellular level, we find that what once may have grown into something familiar, like a stem, is now something less familiar, like a thorn. A thorn, then, is a modified stem. Stem tissue was used by the plant to form a hardened spike. Thorns help protect a plant from being eaten, so going through the trouble of producing this feature is a benefit to the plant.

thorns of hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)

Spines and prickles are similar features to thorns and serve a similar purpose, but they have different origins. Spines are modified leaf or stipule tissue (the spines on a cactus are actually modified leaves). Prickles are outgrowths of the epidermis or bark. In plants, epidermis is a single, outer layer of cells that covers all of the organs (i.e. leaves, roots, flowers, stems). Outgrowths on this layer are common and often appear as little hairs. The technical term for these hairs or hair-like structures is trichomes.

the stems of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) are covered in dense trichomes

Prickles are much like trichomes, but there are usually less of them and they are hardened and pointy. They can be sharp like a thorn or spine and so are often confused for them. (Spines are also confused for thorns, as is the case with Euphorbia milii, whose common name is crown of thorns but whose “thorns” are actually spines.) As stated above, their cellular origin is different, and unlike thorns and spines, prickles don’t have vascular tissue, which is the internal tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout all parts of the plant. In general, prickles can be easily broken off, as they are often weakly attached to the epidermis.

Prickles are most commonly observed on roses and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors.

Prickles on roses are commonly called thorns, and that’s okay. Thorn is perhaps a more poetic word and easier to relate to. But really, I’m torn and forlorn that they aren’t thorns. It puts me in a pickle trying to rhyme words with prickle.

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